HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT

Family Fabaceae
Sigarilyas
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.
WINGED BEAN
Si leng dou

Common names Common names
Botor tetragonolaba (L.) Kuntze. Cigarillas (Tag.)
Botor tetragonolobus (L.) Kuntze. Kalamismis (Tag.)
Dolichos ovatus Graham Kalomismis (Tag.)
Dolichos tetragonolobus Linn. Kabey (Bis.)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Segidilla (Tag.)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus var. macrocarpus Hassk. Sigarilyas (Tag.)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus var. micropterus Hassk. Asparagus bean (Engl.)
  Dragon bean (Engl.)
  Four-angled bean (Engl.)
  Foour-cornered bean (Engl.)
  Goa bean (Engl.)
  Kamrangi bean (Engl.)
  Manila bean (Engl.)
  Princess pea (Engl.)
  Short-day asparagus pea (Engl.)
  Star bean (Engl.)
  Winged bean (Engl.)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BURMESE: e saung ya, Hto pong, Ku bemya.
CHINESE: Si leng dou, Si jiao dou.
DANISH: Goabønne, Goaboenne.
DUTCH: Ketjipir.
FINNISH: Goanpapu.
FRENCH: Pois asperge, Pois carré, Haricot ailé, Pois ailé.
GERMAN: Flügelbohne.
HINDI: Chaukoni sem.
ITALIAN: Fagiolo quadrato.
JAPANESE: Shikaku mame, Tousai, Urizun.
KHMER: Prâpiëy.
LAOTIAN: Thwàx ph'uu.
MALAY: Kecipir, Kethipir, Ketjeepir, Kachang botol, Kacang kelisa, Kachang botor, Kacang sirek, Kechang bolon, Kachang belimbing.
PORTUGUESE: Fava de cavalo.
RUSSIAN: Psofokarpus chetyrekhkylyi.
SINHALESE: Dara dambala, Darambulla.
SPANISH: Dólico de Goa, Frijol alado, Judia careta, Calamismis.
SWEDISH: Vingböna.
THAI: Thua phuu.
VIETNAMESE Dau rong.

Gen info
• The winged bean belongs to the genus Psophocarpus of the legume family, Fabaceae. (23)
• Sometimes called "poor man's food" as the leaves, flowers, roots, and pods are all edible, eaten raw or cooked.
Etymology: The genus name Psophocarpus means "noisy fruit", referring to some plants in the genus that make a popping noise when they dehisce and release the seeds. The tetra from the specific epithet tetragonolobus mean "four", referring to the four sides of the fruit. (26)

Botany
• Sigarilyas is a vine with climbing stems and leaves, to a height of 3-4 meters. Leaves are pinnate or palmate to trifoliate. Bean pod is about 6 to 8 inches long, four-angled. Flowers are large and pale to bright blue.

Winged bean plant grows as a vine with climbing stems and leaves, 3–4 m (10–13 ft) in height. It is an herbaceous perennial, but can be grown as an annual. It is generally taller and notably larger than the common bean. Leaves can be 15 cm (6 in) long. Leaf shape ranges from ovate to deltoid, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, and long lanceolate; the green tone of the leaves also varies. Stem is most commonly green, but sometimes boasts purple. Flower is large and pale blue. Bean pod may be smooth or rough, depending on the genotype, typically 15–22 cm (6–8+1⁄2 in) long, rectangular in cross-section (though sometimes appearing flat), and has four wings with frilly edges running lengthwise. Skin is waxy and the flesh partially translucent in the young pods. Color of the pods may be cream, green, pink, or purple. When fully ripe, the pod turns an ash-brown colour and splits open to release the seeds (beans). Seed shape is often round; oval and rectangular seeds also occur. Seeds may appear white, cream, dark tan, or brown, depending on growing and storage conditions. (22)

Growth form: Herbaceous climber that grows 3 - 4 m in height. Foliage: Leaves green and trifoliate (compound leaves each consisting of 3 leaflets). Leaflets large (8 – 15 cm long, 8 - 15 cm wide at the broadest point) and ovate (lateral leaflets) or deltoid (terminal leaflet). Flowers: Pea-like flowers classified as papilionaceous are usually light blue, but occasionally white (2.5 - 3.5 cm wide). Fruits: Fruits are elongated pods (15 - 30 cm long, 3 cm wide) and square or rectangular in cross-section. Frilly or sometimes smooth wings protrude along the length of the pod at each corner. At maturity, pods break open to release 5 - 21 approximately round, smooth seeds. (26)

Distribution
- Introduced, naturalized.
- Cultivated, semi-cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous or subspontaneous in most parts of the Philippines at low and medium elevation. (21)
- Native to Tanzania.

Constituents
- Rich in oil (up to 17%), protein, vitamin E and calcium.
- Proximate analysis showed P. tetragonolobus to be rich in proteins (33.83%), with considerably high amount of carbohydrate (22.30%). Fat content was 17.51%; crude fiber, 12.23%; water content, P>0.05. (see study below) (6)
- Mineral composition (mg/kg) of winged beans yielded magnesium, 2238.18 ±0.04; zinc, 364.76 ±0.64; copper, 90.79 ±0.72; calcium, 889.86 ±0.63, sodium, 1972.34 ± 0.69; potassium, 4219.30 ± 0.81. (6)
- Study showed that fatty oil from fully mature seeds had a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (75.5%); immature seeds yielded a higher percentage of saturated FA (61.3%). Unsaponification of fatty oil yielded stigmasterol (66.4%) and ß-sitosterol (25.1%). Total lipids of fully mature seeds yielded neutral, glyco- and phospholipids. Fatty oil of fully mature seeds yielded mono-saturated FA (38.6%) and polyunsaturated FA (36.9%) without trans-fatty acids, thereby meeting the edible oil standard. (10)

- Nutritional analysis of raw immature seeds per 100 g. yielded: (1) Principle: energy 49 Kcal, carbohydrate 4.31g, protein 6.95g, total fat 0.87g, cholesterol 0 mg; (2) Vitamins: folates 66 µg, niacin 0.900 mg, pantothenic acid 0.059 mg, pyridoxine 0.113 mg, riboflavin 0.100 mg, thiamin 0.140 mg, vitamin A 128 IU, vitamin C 18.3 mg; (3) Electrolytes: sodium 4 mg, potassium 240 mg; and (5) Minerals: calcium 84 mg, copper 0.051 µg, iron 1.5 mg, magnesium 34 mg, manganese 0.218 mg, phosphorus 37 mg, selenium 1.5 µg, zinc 0.39 mg. (13)
- Nutritional values of raw, mature seeds of winged beans per 100 g(3.5oz): Energy 1,711 kJ (409 kcal); Carbohydrates 41.7 g, Dietary fiber 25.9g; Fat 16.3 g, saturated 2.3 g, monosaturated 6 g, polyunsaturated 4.3 g;  Protein 29.65 g; Vitamins:  Vitamin A 0 IU, Thiamine  (B1) 1.03 mg, Riboflavin (B2) 0.45 mg, Niacin (B3) 3.09 mg, Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.795 mg, Vitamin B6 0.175 mg, Folate (B9) 45 µg, Vitamin C 0 mg; Minerals: Calcium 440 mg, Iron 13.44 mg, Magnesium 179 mg, Manganese 3.721 mg, Phosphorus 451 mg, Potassium 977 mg, Sodium 38 mg, Ziinc 4.48 mg. (USDA Database)   (23)
- Winged bean contains many anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, chymotrypsin inhibitors (WCI), hemagglutinins, amylase inhibitors, phytates, phytic acid, flatulence factors, hydrogen cyanide, saponins, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. (see study below) (24)

Properties
- Studies have suggested antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, anti-candidal, platelet aggregation inhibitory, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, phytostimulatory properties.

Uses
Edibility
- Whole plant is edible, the beans used as vegetable; but the other parts –leaves, flowers and roots–are also edible. Immature seeds used in soups.
- Young pods can be eaten raw or added to salads.
- Tender pods, the most widely eaten part of the plant, are best before they exceed 2.5 cm (1 in) in length. (23)
- Flowers used as rice and pastry colorant; eaten raw or cooked; a sweet flavor that makes an appealing addition to salads.
- Young leaves can be pickled or prepared as vegetable, like spinach.
- Leaves and young shoots, raw or cooked, are surprisingly delicious.
- Seeds are about 35% protein and 18% fat, and requires cooking for 2 - 3 hours to destroy trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins that inhibit digestion. They can be eaten dried or roasted Dried or ground seeds can make a useful flour, and brewed as substitute to coffee beans. (23)
- Good source of vitamins A and C, calcium and iron.
- Roasted seed used as coffee substitute.
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
Others
- Agroforestry:
Winged bean is an effective cover crop.  Uniform with the ground, it suppresses weed growth. As a restorative crop, it can improved nutrient-poor soil with nitrogen when it is turned over into the soil. (22)
- Fodder:
A potential food source for ruminants, poultry, fish, and other livestock. In Papua New Guinea, the husks are fed to domesticated pigs as dietary supplement. (23)
- Oil:
Oil can be extracted from the seeds, and used for cooking and frying.
- Colorant:
Flowers used to color food products, like rice and pastries.

Studies
Antimicrobial / Pods / Leaves:
Results of study of extract of PT pods showed activity against B. subtilis and B. cereus, P mirabilis, E coli, S typhi, K pneumonia and C albicans and suggested a potential source for antimicrobial compounds. (1) Methanol extract of Psophocarpus tetragonologus leaves exhibited bactericidal effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(3) Study of a methanol extract of P. tetragonolobus leaves for antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed favorable activity with MIC of 2.55 mg/mL. SEM studies showed complete collapse of the bacterial cells. The extract exhibited no significant toxicity (LC50=1.30 mg/mL) against Artemia salina. (15)
Fungicidal:
Study of methanol extract of PT root showed no toxicity and a favorable antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. (2)
Aluminum Content of Edible Portion:
Study was done to evaluate the accumulation of aluminum in the edible parts of the plant: leaves, pods, seeds and tubers. Results showed all edible portions of the plant accumulate aluminum from high to very high levels compared to an average of less than 300 ppm in other crop plants; the accumulation was highest in the youngest tissues, especially the roots, recording as high as 25,000 ppm. (4)
Phytohemagglutinins / Seeds:
One of the drawbacks in the utilization of winged bean protein is the presence of anti-nutritional factors typical of legumes. Study evaluated the seeds from eleven cultivars of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus for phytohemagglutinin activity. Levels ranges from 3,200 to 25,600 hemagglutinating units/g sample, on a fresh weight basis. Seeds showed greater activity than tubers and leaves. Phytohemagglutinins were found to be thermolabile. (5)
Proximate Analysis:
Winged beans is unique among leguminous crops in that many plant parts—leaves, pods, seeds, and tubers—are edible and rich in protein. Based on findings on proximate analysis, winged beans could be useful in the formulation of infant formula. (see constituents above) (6)
Isolectins / Leaves: Study isolated two isolectins from the leaves of winged bean, differing from each other in immunological properties, hemagglutinating activities, sugar inhibition patterns, and amino aid compositions. (7)
Anti-Candidal / Pod Extract:
Study evaluated a pod extract of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus for antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. Results showed alteration in morphology and complete collapse of yeast cells after 36 hours of exposure. Study confirms the possible antimicrobial potential of the pod extract. (8)
Anti-Inflammatory / Antioxidant / Anti-Nociceptive:
Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-nociceptive properties of six Malaysian medicinal plants, including Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. All plants showed significant nitric oxide inhibitory activity without causing cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. All plants showed different degrees of antioxidant activities, attributed to phenolic compounds. All plant species suppressed writhing response of mice at different degrees of inhibition.  (9)
Hepatoprotective / Seeds:
Study evaluated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of total flavonoids from P. tetragonolobus seeds in vitro and in vivo in carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in mice. Results showed significant hepatoprotective effect, possibly by scavenging of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and TNF-α expression. (14)
• Antibacterial / Leaves:
Study of a methanol extract of P. tetragonolobus leaves for antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed favorable activity with MIC of 2.55 mg/mL. SEM studies showed complete collapse of the bacterial cells. The extract exhibited no significant toxicity (LC50=1.30 mg/mL) against Artemia salina. (15)
• Platelet Aggregation Inhibition Activity / Pod:
Study evaluated the antiplatelet activity of pods of P. tetragonolobus in vitro. A 4mg/mL concentration showed the highest average percent platelet aggregation inhibition of 69.58% and greatest average percent antiplatelet activity of 75.49% among the pod extracts. (16)
• Biodiesel Potential / Seed Oil:
Paper presents preliminary studies on biodiesel from two novel sources of oil: fruit pulp of C. ovatum (pili) and seed of P. tetragonolobus (winged bean). The kinematic viscosity of the FAME from sigarilyas was above maximum limit for Philippine standard. Initial results suggest acceptable FAME may be obtained from these two new potential sources of feedstocks. (17)
• Effect on Heat
Treatment on Nutritional value of winged bean: Autoclaving suggested that autoclaving at 124 c within minutes should be adequate to remove protease inhibitors and can improved digestibility of winged beans. (18)
Anti-Nutritional Factors:
Winged bean contains many anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, chymotrypsin inhibitors (WCI), hemagglutinins, amylase inhibitors, phytates, phytic acid, flatulence factors, hydrogen cyanide, saponins, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. Hemagglutinins along with trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are destroyed by heat, so only raw seeds will contain these anti-nutritive factors. Autoclaving will also decrease the activity of all three; after autoclaving the flour for 30 min, the activities of all three components are abolished. The amount of tannins and phytates, similar in amounts present in soy beans, are not very high and not harmful. Despite the antinutrients, the positive nutritional benefits offered by winged bean makes it a potential functional ingredient in various food formulations. (24)
Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory:
Study evaluated P. tetragonolobus extracts for antioxidant and anti-infllammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.  Both extracts were right in bioactive molecules and exerted substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Extract treatment in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells resulted in significant downregulation of expressions of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1ß mRNA, along with attenuation of inducible iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Results suggest potential for treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions.  (25)
Effects on Cooking on Antinutrients and Antioxidant Properties: Antinutrient concentrations were determined using standard methods and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Five different varieties were studied. Phytate, cyanogenic glycosides and tannin levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by cooking. Tannin was significantly lower in a cooked sample compared to raw sample. Phenolic content  was significantly (p<0.05) increased in one variety due to cooking. There was no significant difference in antioxidant activity between raw and cooked samples across the five varieties. (27)
Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of mature green leaves extract of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus against earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Screening for primary and secondary metabolites yielded carbohydrates, diterpenes, triterpenes, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Results showed anthelmintic activity evidenced by wriggling movements in 6-7 minutes with 5 mg/ml of extract, and curling movements after 3-4 minutes with 10 mg/ml extract. Elongation was observed with 40 mg/ml of plant extract. Time for paralysis was concentration dependent. (28)
Silver Nanoparticles / Phytostimulatory / Leaves: Study reports on the simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly synthesis of capped AgNPs using P. tetragonolobus leaf extract. FTIR confirmed the presence of polyphenols and an aromatic group of protein that played an important role in the reduction of AgNO3. AgNPs can enhance antioxidant enzymes peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, SOD, and a higher concentration of soluble sugar, soluble protein, sucrose and chlorophyll contents to support seedling growth. It was concluded that AgNPs50 was the best nanopriming treatment to enhance the germinability, antioxidant enzymes, and biochemical activities in P. tetragonolobus. (29)

Availability
Cultivated.

Updated May 2018 / January 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Fabaceae : Psophocarpus tetragonolobus / Leaf / Copyright © 2015 by P.B. Pelser & J.F. Barcelona (contact: pieter.pelser@canterbury.ac.nz) [ref. DOL100041] / Non-Commercial Use / Image modified / Click on image or link to go to source page / /Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Winged bean - Psophocarpus tetragonolobus / Flower closeup / Copyright © Growables / Non-Commercial Use / Image modified / Click on image or link to go to source page / Growables

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND TOXICITY OF CRUDE EXTRACT OF THE PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS PODS / ISSN 0189-6016©2007 / L. Yoga Latha, S. Sasidharan et al / African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2007; 4(1): pp 59-63 /
DOI: 0.4314/ajtcam.v4i1.31195
(2)
Fungicidal Effect and Oral Acute Toxicity of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Root Extract / S Sasidharan et al / Pharmaceutical Biology, Volume 46, Issue 4 April 2008 , pages 261 - 265 / DOI: 10.1080/13880200701740858
(3)
Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. / Pharmaceutical Biology / 2007, Vol. 45, No. 1, Pages 31-36
(4)
Aluminum contents of the edible portions of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Fabaceae): field study and caveat / Harder D K / Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1994 Feb;45(2):127-37.
(5)
Phytohemagglutinins in the Winded Bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. DC / S S Sri Kantha and N S Hettiarachchy / J. Natn. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka 1981 9(2): 223-228
(6)
CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WINGED BEANS (PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS), PITANGA CHERRIES (EUGENIA UNIFLORA) AND ORCHID FRUIT (ORCHID FRUIT MYRISTICA) / Amoo, I.A., Adebayo, O.T *, and Oyeleye, A.O / AJFAND, Vol 6, No 2, 2006.
(7)
Two isolectins from leaves of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. /
Yagi F, Sawada R, Imada T, Toyonaga S, Tadera K, Ishihata K / Plant & cell physiology 35:7 1994 Oct pg 1087-95
(8)
Effect of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus pod extract on Candida albicans / S. Sasidharan*, Z. Zuraini, L. Yoga Latha, S. Suryani, and S. Sangetha / Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, Vol 9, No 1.
(9)
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-nociceptive activities of six Malaysian medicinal plants / K. H. Lee, A. M. Padzil, A. Syahida*, N. Abdullah, S. W. Zuhainis, M. Maziah, M. R. Sulaiman, D. A. Israf, K. Shaari and N. H. Lajis / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol.5(23), pp. 5555-5563 , October 2011
(10)
Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions / Chandra Sekhar Mohanty & Rama Chandra Pradhan & Vinayak Singh & Neha Singh & Rojalin Pattanayak & Om Prakash & Chandan Singh Chanotiya & Prasant Kumar Rout / J Food Sci Technol DOI 10.1007/s13197-014-1436-1
(11)
Sorting Psophocarpus names / /Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1995 - 2020 / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia.
(12)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(13)
Wing beans nutrition facts / Source: USDA Nutrient data base / Nutrition and You
(14)
Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Activity of Total Flavonoids from Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Seeds / HUANG Xiaobo, FU Ming*, CHEN Dongming / FOOD SCIENCE, 2015, 36(15): 206-211.
(15)
Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. / L Yoga Latha, S Sasidharan, Z Zuraini, S Suryani, L Shirley & S Sangetha / Pharmaceutical Biology, Vol 45, Issue 1, 2007
(16)
In Vitro Platelet Aggregation Inhibition Activity of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Pod Extract
/ Gerard Lee L See, Juleos Adam A Lopez, Elijah Nicole C Alterado, Florencio Jr V Arce / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2017; 9(1): pp 70-75 /
DOI: 10.25258/ijpapr.v9i1.8043
(17)
Preliminary Evaluation of Biodiesel from Canarium ovatum (Pili) Pulp Oil and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged bean) Seed Oil / Dr Luis Razon / De La Salle University, College of Engineering
(18)
Effect of heat Treatment on Nutritional Value of Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) as compared to soybean I.Chemical Characteristics of Treated Winged bean / R Mutia, S Uchida / AJAS;Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 1993;6(1): 19-26. / DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.19 
(19)
Antioxidant activities of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC / Zhu Xiaodi, Lian Pengli, Zhang Dan, Kang Wenyl / Journal of Henan University Medicinal School, 2015
(20)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus / Useful Tropical Plants
(21)
Fabaceae: Psophocarpus / Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines
(22)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus / Wikipedia
(23)
Winged bean / Wikipedia
(24)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus: An Underused Species with Multiple Potential Uses / Hussein Bassal, POthmane Merah, Aqeel M Ali, Akram Hijazi, Fawaz El Omar / Plants, 2020; 9(12): 1730 /
DOI: 10.3390/plants9121730
(25)
Study of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Biological Extracts of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Using Two Extraction Methods / Hussein Bassal, Akram Hijazi, Hussain Farhan, Fawaz El Omar et al /  Molecules,  2021; 26(15): 4435 / DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154435
(26)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus / National Parks: FLORA & FAUNA WEB
(27)
Effects of cooking on antinutrients and antioxidant properties of different accessions of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) / RF Maimako, OH Awakan, AF Olaniran, OP Olasunkanmi, OM Oluba / Food Research, 2017; 6(1) / DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.6(1).527
(28)
STUDY ON NEUTRACEUTICALASPECT OF Psophcarpus tetragonolobus BY ANALYSIS PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIHELMINTHIC SCREENING / Sherin Varghese, Sandhya PV, Sr Freny Jacob /  Zoologie Innovante-Series 1
(29)
Phytostimulatory effect of phytochemical fabricated nanosilver (AgNPs) on Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. seed germination: An insight from antioxidative enzyme activities and genetic similarity studies / V Kamal Kumar, S Muthukrishnan, R Rajalakshmi / Current Plant Biology, 2020; Volume 23: 100158 /
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100158

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                          New plant names needed
The compilation now numbers over 1,500 medicinal plants. While I believe there are hundreds more that can be added to the collection, they are becoming more difficult to find. If you have a plant to suggest for inclusion, native or introduced, please email the info: scientific name (most helpful), local plant name (if known), any known folkloric medicinal use, and, if possible, a photo. Your help will be greatly appreciated.

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT